1.Arnstein SR. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association. 1969;35 (4):216-24.
Download Full text at: http://www.planning.org/pas/memo/2007/mar/pdf/JAPA35No4.pdf
Summary
The heated controversy over "citizen participation," "citizen control", and "maximum feasible involvement of the poor," has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program.
2. Abma T, Broerse J. Zeggenschap in wetenschap: Patiëntenparticipatie in theorie en praktijk. Lemma; 2007.
3. Caron-Flinterman J. A new voice in science. 2005.
Download thesis at: http://hdl.handle.net/1871/9047
Summary
End-users are increasingly involved in decision-making concerning science and technology. This dissertation focuses on a specific kind of end-user participation: patient participation in decision-making on bio-medical research. Since patients can be considered relevant experts and stakeholders within the biomedical research field different normative and substantive arguments support their participation research in an effective manner. Successful applications of this strategy may eventually contribute to the induction of a transition of the biomedical research decision-making network towards the structural inclusion of patients. The study contributes to the on-going debate on one of the central themes within the field of Science and Technology Studies: broadening decision-making processes concerning science and technology.in decision-making processes. The study described reflects on the current situation concerning this type of patient participation and in particular on strategies followed and obstacles faced. In addition an alternative strategy is proposed and evaluated that seems to realize patient participation in decision-making on biomedical.